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* 产品  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 产品  
  [人工智能驱动的网络安全平台](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Secure AI by Design](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/precision-ai-security/secure-ai-by-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma AIRS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI Access Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [云交付的安全服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/security-subscriptions?ts=markdown)
  
  * [高级威胁预防](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-wildfire?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Advanced DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [企业数据丢失防护](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Enterprise IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/enterprise-device-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [医疗物联网安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/medical-iot-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [工业 OT 安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/industrial-ot-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [新一代防火墙](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/next-generation-firewall?ts=markdown)
  
  * [硬件防火墙](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/hardware-firewall-innovations?ts=markdown)
  
  * [软件防火墙](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Strata Cloud Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/strata-cloud-manager?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SD-WAN for NGFW](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/sd-wan-subscription?ts=markdown)
  
  * [PAN-OS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/pan-os?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Panorama](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/panorama?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Secure Access Service Edge](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma SASE](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase?ts=markdown)
  
  * [应用加速](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/app-acceleration?ts=markdown)
  
  * [自主数字体验管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/adem?ts=markdown)
  
  * [企业 DLP](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Access](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/access?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma 浏览器](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/prisma-browser?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/sd-wan?ts=markdown)
  
  * [远程浏览器隔离](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/remote-browser-isolation?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)  
    [基于 AI 的安全运营平台](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [应用安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/application-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [云态势安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [云运行时安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/prisma/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 托管检测和响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [人工智能驱动的 SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Advanced Email Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/advanced-email-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Exposure Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/exposure-management?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xdr?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xsoar?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xpanse?ts=markdown)
  
  * [托管 XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)

* 解决方案  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 解决方案  
  AI 安全
  
  * [安全的人工智能生态系统](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  * [安全使用 GenAI](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)  
    网络安全
  * [云网络安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  * [数据中心安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/data-center?ts=markdown)
  * [DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  * [入侵检测和防御](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  * [IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/enterprise-device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [5G 安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/5g-security?ts=markdown)
  * [确保所有应用、用户和位置的安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/secure-users-data-apps-devices?ts=markdown)
  * [确保分支机构转型的安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/secure-branch-transformation?ts=markdown)
  * [确保任何设备上的工作安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/secure-work-on-any-device?ts=markdown)
  * [VPN 替代](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/sase/vpn-replacement-for-secure-remote-access?ts=markdown)
  * [Web 和网络钓鱼安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)  
    云安全
  * [应用安全态势管理 (ASPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/application-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [软件供应链安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown)
  * [代码安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/code-security?ts=markdown)
  * [云安全态势管理 (CSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/cloud-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [云基础架构权限管理 (CIEM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/cloud-infrastructure-entitlement-management?ts=markdown)
  * [数据安全态势管理 (DSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/data-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [AI 安全态势管理 (AI-SPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/ai-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [云检测与响应 (CDR)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [云工作负载保护 (CWP)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/cloud-workload-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Web 应用及 API 安全 (WAAS)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud/web-app-api-security?ts=markdown)  
    安全运营
  * [云检测和响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [网络安全自动化](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/network-security-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [事件案例管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/incident-case-management?ts=markdown)
  * [SOC 自动化](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/security-operations-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [威胁情报管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/threat-intel-management?ts=markdown)
  * [托管的检测和响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [攻击面管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xpanse/attack-surface-management?ts=markdown)
  * [合规性管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xpanse/compliance-management?ts=markdown)
  * [互联网运营管理](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/cortex-xpanse/internet-operations-management?ts=markdown)  
    端点安全
  * [端点防护](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [扩展的检测和响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [勒索软件防护](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/ransomware-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [数字取证](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)  
    [行业](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/industry?ts=markdown)
  * [公共部门](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/public-sector)
  * [金融服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/financial-services)
  * [制造](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/manufacturing)
  * [医疗保健](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/healthcare)
  * [中小型企业解决方案](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/small-medium-business-portfolio)

* 服务  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 服务  
  [威胁情报和事件响应服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42?ts=markdown)
  
  * [评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI 安全评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/ai-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [攻击面评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/attack-surface-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [防泄露准备工作审核](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/breach-readiness-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [BEC 准备情况评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/bec-readiness-assessment)
  
  * [云安全评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment)
  
  * [入侵评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/compromise-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [网络风险评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/cyber-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [并购网络尽职调查](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/mergers-acquisitions-cyber-due-dilligence?ts=markdown)
  
  * [渗透测试](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/penetration-testing?ts=markdown)
  
  * [紫队演习](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/purple-teaming?ts=markdown)
  
  * [勒索软件就绪评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/ransomware-readiness-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SOC 评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/soc-assessment)
  
  * [供应链风险评估](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/supply-chain-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [桌面演习](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/assess/tabletop-exercise?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 顾问人员](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond?ts=markdown)
  
  * [云事故响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond/cloud-incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [数字取证](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)
  
  * [事件响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond/incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [托管检测与响应](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond/managed-detection-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [托管威胁追踪](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/respond/managed-threat-hunting?ts=markdown)
  
  * [托管 XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 顾问人员](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [转型](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/transform?ts=markdown)
  
  * [事故响应计划制定与审核](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/transform/incident-response-plan-development-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [安全计划设计](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/transform/security-program-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [虚拟 CISO](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/transform/vciso?ts=markdown)
  
  * [零信任咨询](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/zero-trust-advisory)  
    [全球客户服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/services?ts=markdown)
  
  * [教育与培训](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/education)
  
  * [专业服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/consulting)
  
  * [成功工具](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/customer-success-tools)
  
  * [支持服务](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/solution-assurance)
  
  * [客户成功](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/customer-success)  
    [![](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/logo-unit-42.svg)  
    Unit 42 顾问人员
    为满足企业的需求而定制，您可以选择将顾问人员工时数分配给我们的任意产品，包括主动网络风险管理服务。了解如何一键呼叫世界一流的 Unit 42 事故响应团队。
    了解更多](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)

* 合作伙伴  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 合作伙伴  
  NextWave 合作伙伴
  
  * [NextWave 合作伙伴社区](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners)
  * [云服务提供商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-for-csp)
  * [全球系统集成商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-for-gsi)
  * [技术合作伙伴](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/technology-partners)
  * [服务提供商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/service-providers)
  * [解决方案提供商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-solution-providers)
  * [托管安全服务提供商](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers)  
    采取行动
  * [门户网站登录](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-partner-portal)
  * [管理的服务计划](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-services-provider-program)
  * [成为合作伙伴](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=becomepartner)
  * [请求访问](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=requestaccess)
  * [查找合作伙伴](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerlocator)  
    [CYBERFORCE
    CYBERFORCE 代表了因其安全专业知识而值得信赖的前 1% 的合作伙伴工程师。
    了解更多](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberforce)

* 公司  
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  Palo Alto Networks
  
  * [关于我们](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/about-us?ts=markdown)
  * [管理团队](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/management)
  * [投资者关系](https://investors.paloaltonetworks.com/)
  * [地点](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/locations)
  * [道德与合规性](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/ethics-and-compliance)
  * [企业责任](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/corporate-responsibility)
  * [军人和退伍军人](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/military)  
    [为什么选择 Palo Alto Networks？](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/why-paloaltonetworks?ts=markdown)
  * [Precision AI 安全](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/precision-ai-security?ts=markdown)
  * [我们的平台方法](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/why-paloaltonetworks/platformization?ts=markdown)
  * [加速网络安全转型](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/nam-cxo-portfolio)
  * [获得的奖项与表彰](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/about-us/awards)
  * [客户案例](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/customers?ts=markdown)
  * [全球认证](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/legal-notices/trust-center/compliance)
  * [全方位信任计划](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/whitepapers/trust-360)  
    职业生涯
  * [概述](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/)
  * [文化与福利](https://jobs.paloaltonetworks.com/culture)  
    [《新闻周刊》评选出的最受欢迎的工作场所
    善待员工的企业
    阅读更多](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2021/palo-alto-networks-secures-top-ranking-on-newsweek-s-most-loved-workplaces-list-for-2021)

* 更多内容  
  ![black arrow pointing left to go back to main navigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/arrow-right-black.svg) 更多内容  
  资源
  
  * [博客](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/?lang=zh-hans)
  * [Unit 42 威胁研究博客](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/)
  * [社区](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/communities)
  * [内容库](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/resources?ts=markdown)
  * [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cyberpedia?ts=markdown)
  * [技术内幕](https://techinsider.paloaltonetworks.com/)
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1. [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cyberpedia?ts=markdown)
2. [What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.cn/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9?ts=markdown)  
   Table of Contents

* [CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)

# What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?

[AppSec's New Horizon: A Virtual Event](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/appsecs-new-horizon-virtual-event.html)  
Table of Contents

* [CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)

1. CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained

* [1. CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](#artifact)
* [2. Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](#importance)
* [3. Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](#improper)
* [4. Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](#promote)
* [5. Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](#faqs)  
  Improper artifact integrity validation is a CI/CD security oversight that allows attackers to inject malicious code into the software delivery pipeline via artifacts within the pipeline. Tampering opportunities arise from the blend of internal and third-party resources within CI/CD systems. Failing to implement checks to verify the integrity of artifacts permits undetected tampering, which can lead to harmful code execution in the pipeline or production. This oversight results from various factors --- weak validation processes, inadequate security controls, lack of awareness about the importance of artifact integrity.

## CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained

CICD-SEC-9, as identified on the OWASP Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks, stems from the potential of an attacker with access to a system within the [CI/CD pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown) to push malicious code or artifacts down the pipeline. This risk is exacerbated by insufficient mechanisms to validate the authenticity and integrity of code and artifacts.

As CI/CD processes combine internal resources with third-party packages fetched from assorted locations, the resulting mix creates multiple entry points susceptible to tampering. If a compromised resource infiltrates the delivery process undetected, it can flow through the pipeline, masquerading as a legitimate resource, and potentially reach production environments. Such a breach can lead to the execution of malicious code within CI/CD systems or, more concerning, in live production environments.

### Artifact Integrity Validation Defined

An integral part of [CI/CD security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown), artifact integrity validation provides assurance that digital artifacts, such as software packages, containers, and configuration files, remain unaltered and authentic from their original state. The security process involves using cryptographic methods, digital signatures, and checksums to confirm each artifact's origin while ensuring that the artifact hasn't been tampered with during transit or storage.

By properly validating the integrity of artifacts, users can trust the reliability of the information, assured that deployed artifacts are free from unauthorized modifications.

### Components of Artifact Integrity Validation in the Delivery Pipeline

Key components of effective artifact integrity validation --- in addition to cryptographic checksums and digital signatures --- include secure artifact storage, secure transport protocols, and secure key management practices. Each component plays a role in safeguarding the integrity and authenticity of artifacts at different stages of the CI/CD pipeline, from artifact creation and artifact transfer between stages to artifact deployment.

### How CICD-SEC-9 Happens

To understand how improper artifact integrity validation exposes organizations to risk, let's look at a hypothetical attack scenario.

**Initial Entry**

A seasoned attacker discerns vulnerabilities in a prominent software company's CI/CD pipeline. Recognizing the potential to exploit lapses in artifact integrity validation, the attacker devises a plan to introduce a tampered artifact.

**Reconnaissance**

The attacker meticulously studies the company's CI/CD process. Noting the expected blend of internal resources with third-party packages, the attacker identifies potential weak points where the integrity of artifacts might lack rigorous validation.

**Exploitation**

Crafting a malicious library that mimics a widely used third-party package, the attacker infiltrates a mirror repository. By replacing the legitimate library with the tampered version, the attacker sets the stage for the company's CI/CD pipeline to inadvertently pull in the malicious code.

**Bypassing Security Gates**

The company's CI/CD system fetches the latest version of all dependencies. Due to lapses in secure artifact storage practices, the system unknowingly retrieves the tampered library from the compromised mirror repository.

Although the company employs checksum validation, the attacker, having manipulated the mirror repository, updates the checksum file to match the tampered library's hash. The absence of a multisource validation mechanism allows the malicious library to pass unchecked.

**Deployment and Execution**

Once the tampered library is fetched and linked during the build process, the resulting application, now tainted with the malicious code from the library, progresses through the pipeline. Upon deployment in the production environment, the concealed malicious code activates, leading to system compromise.

## Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD

The trustworthiness of artifacts is critical to [cloud-native application development](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-cloud-native?ts=markdown). By ensuring that only trustworthy artifacts are deployed, proper artifact integrity validation reduces the possibility of malicious code making it into production environments.

### Risks Associated with Improper Artifact Integrity Validation

Organizations open themselves to potential security breaches, data leaks, and operational disruptions resulting from tampered artifacts that could have been detected prior to deployment if proper validation measures had been in place.

**Case Study 1: Webmin Falls Victim to Stealthy Server Exploit**

Attackers exploited Webmin's development build server in April 2018, introducing a vulnerability to the password\_change.cgi script. To conceal the malicious modification, they altered the file's timestamp, and the compromised file became part of Webmin version 1.890. Although developers reverted the file using GitHub's version, attackers altered it again by July 2018, impacting versions 1.900 to 1.920. The exploit remained active only when a specific feature was enabled. After receiving a zero-day exploit report in August 2019, Webmin promptly removed the exploit and released version 1.930.

**Case Study 2: PHP's Internal Security Breach**

In early 2021, PHP's git.php.net server faced a malicious attack. Initially considered an individual account compromise, two malicious commits were made under the names of prominent PHP contributors. A deeper investigation revealed that these commits bypassed the standard gitolite infrastructure, hinting at a server compromise. The commits were pushed using HTTPS and password-based authentication, raising suspicions of a potential leak in the master.php.net user database. The attacker's ability to authenticate after only a few username guesses further intensified these concerns.

## Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation

Understanding the risks associated with artifacts highlights the importance of implementing staunch checks to ensure their integrity. To mitigate risks, consider the following strategies:

### Integrity Validation from Development to Production

Implement processes and technologies that validate resource integrity throughout the software delivery chain. As developers generate a resource, they should sign it using an external resource signing infrastructure. Before consuming a resource in subsequent pipeline stages, cross-check its integrity against the signing authority. Key measures include:

**Code Signing**

Source code management (SCM) solutions offer the capability to sign commits with a unique key for each contributor, preventing unsigned commits from progressing through the pipeline.

**Artifact Verification Software**

Tools designed for signing and verifying code and artifacts, such as the Linux Foundation's Sigstore, can thwart unverified software from advancing down the pipeline.

**Configuration Drift Detection**

Implement measures to detect configuration drifts, such as resources in cloud environments not managed using a signed [infrastructure as code (IAC)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-iac?ts=markdown) template. Such drifts could indicate deployments from untrusted sources or processes.

### Third-Party Resource Validation

Third-party resources incorporated into build and deploy pipelines, like scripts executed during the build process, should undergo rigorous validation. Before utilizing these resources, compute their hash and compare it against the official hash provided by the resource provider.

## Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD

The industry has established standards and guidelines for artifact integrity validation. Examples include the use of cryptographic algorithms like SHA-256 for checksums, X.509 certificates for digital signatures, and secure transport protocols such as HTTPS for artifact transfer. Organizations should align their practices with these standards to maintain a reliable and secure software delivery pipeline.

### Establish Artifact Integrity Validation Policies and Audit Schedule

To ensure proper artifact integrity validation, organizations should establish clear policies that define validation processes. Once established, regularly audit compliance with internal policies to identify and address weaknesses, as well as areas of noncompliances. Continuous monitoring and analysis will help detect anomalies or unauthorized activities.

### Employ Cryptographic Signing

Use public key infrastructure (PKI) to cryptographically sign artifacts at each stage of the CI/CD pipeline. This practice validates signatures against a trusted certificate authority before consumption. Configure your CI/CD pipeline to reject artifacts with invalid or missing signatures to reduce risks of deploying tampered resources or unauthorized changes.

### Implement Secure Storage

Establish a secure tamper-proof repository to store artifacts and enforce strict access controls, preventing unauthorized modifications. Enable versioning to maintain a historical record of artifact changes and implement real-time monitoring to track and alert on suspicious activity. In case of compromised artifacts, configure the system to facilitate rollbacks to previous, known-good versions.

### Enforce Multi-Source Validation

Adopt a multisource validation strategy that verifies the integrity of artifacts using various sources, such as checksums, digital signatures, and secure hash algorithms, as well as trusted repositories. Keep the cryptographic algorithms and keys up to date to maintain their effectiveness.

### Integrate Security Scanning

Incorporate vulnerability scanning tools and [static application security testing (SAST)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-sast-static-application-security-testing?ts=markdown) into the CI/CD pipeline to identify potential security issues in artifacts --- including third-party dependencies --- before deployment. Taking a proactive approach allows [DevOps](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops?ts=markdown) teams to address vulnerabilities early in the development process, reducing the risk of security incidents and maintaining a high level of [code quality](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-code-security?ts=markdown).

### Foster a Security-Aware Culture

Educate and train development teams about the importance of artifact integrity validation and the potential risks associated with improper validation. Encourage adherence to secure coding practices and emphasize the role each individual plays in maintaining a [secure CI/CD environment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown).

## Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs

### What are digital signatures?

A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or digital document.

### What are hash functions?

Hash functions are cryptographic algorithms that take inputs of any length and generate fixed-size outputs called hashes or digests. Designed to be deterministic, hash functions ensure the same input consistently produces the same hash value. Additionally, their one-way nature makes it computationally infeasible to deduce the input from the hash value. Common applications for hash functions include data integrity verification, digital signature creation, and secure password storage.

Well-known hash functions include SHA-256, MD5, and SHA-1.

### What is a library?

In the context of CI/CD, a library is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use. These routines, sometimes called modules or functions, are stored in object format. Libraries are particularly useful for storing frequently used routines because developers don't need to explicitly link them to every program that uses them. The linker automatically looks for them when linking modules together. Libraries can be static (linked at compile time) or dynamic (linked at runtime).

### What is a repository?

A repository, in the context of software development, refers to a centralized file storage location. It's used by version control systems to store multiple versions of files. While a repository can contain libraries, it can also contain individual code files, images, scripts, documentation, etc.

### What is in-toto?

In-toto is an open-source framework for securing software supply chains. It cryptographically ensures that the entire development process has been conducted as planned and the final artifact hasn't been tampered with.

### What is SLSA?

Supply-chain levels for software artifacts, or SLSA, refers to an end-to-end framework for ensuring the integrity of software artifacts throughout the software supply chain.

### What is Sigstore?

Sigstore is a Linux Foundation project that provides a nonrepudiable software supply chain. It offers services to software developers for signing software artifacts, storing the signatures, and verifying them.

### What is configuration drift detection?

Configuration drift detection is a process that ensures the current state of the system configuration hasn't deviated or 'drifted' from its intended state. Configuration drift can be a sign of tampering or misconfiguration.

### What is a software configuration management (SCM) solution?

A software configuration management (SCM) solution is a tool or system that manages and tracks changes made to software projects throughout their development lifecycle. By controlling modifications to source code, files, and documentation, it aids in maintaining consistency, traceability, and accountability across the development process.

SCM solutions enable developers to collaborate efficiently, prevent conflicting changes, and easily revert changes to previous versions. They also facilitate branching and merging, allowing simultaneous development of multiple features or bug fixes in isolated environments. SCM solutions streamline the build and deployment processes, ensuring the right versions of software components are combined and released.

Popular SCM tools include Git, Subversion, and Mercurial.

### What is a signed IaC template?

[Infrastructure as code (IAC)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-iac?ts=markdown) templates describe the desired state of system infrastructure. Signing these templates helps ensure their integrity.

### What is artifact verification software?

Artifact verification software refers to tools for signing and verifying the integrity of code and artifacts, such as those provided by in-toto, SLSA, and Sigstore.

### What is checksum validation?

Checksum validation is a method used to ensure the integrity of data, especially during transmission or storage. It involves generating a checksum from the data and then regenerating and comparing the checksum at the point of use.
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